Russian Journal of Child NeurologyRussian Journal of Child NeurologyРусский журнал детской неврологии2073-88032412-9178Publishing House ABV Press56310.17650/2073-8803-2026-21-2-73-79REVIEWS AND LECTURESОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИReview ArticleCognitive impairments in children with dyslexiaКогнитивные нарушения при дислексии у детейhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1065-9859ChutkoLeonid S.ЧуткоЛеонид Семенович
Russian Federation
chutko5@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9510-7182SurushkinaS. Yu.СурушкинаС. Ю.
Russian Federation
chutko5@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7249-3332YakovenkoE. A.ЯковенкоЕ. А.
Russian Federation
chutko5@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1059-4610ShcheglovaL. V.ЩегловаЛ. В.
Russian Federation
chutko5@mail.ru“Doctrina” LLCООО «Доктрина»Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Ministry of Health of RussiaФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Минздрава России0308202621273790308202603082026Copyright ©; 2026, ABV-PressCopyright ©; 2026, АБВ-пресс2026ABV-PressАБВ-прессhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://rjdn.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/563

This article presents a review of scientific publications dedicated to the role of genetic, neurobiological, psychological, and environmental factors in the etiology and pathogenesis of dyslexia. The paper outlines the results of neuropsychological and neurophysiological studies demonstrating impairment of certain higher mental functions in dyslexia, as well as the results of neuroimaging studies that have identified structural features of the brain characteristic of this disorder. Current understanding of the main neurocognitive deficits observed in dyslexia is described: impaired working memory, decreased information processing speed, and insufficient automation of new skills. The principles of dyslexia treatment and the potential use of Cereton in the combination therapy of this pathology are also discussed.

В статье представлен обзор научных публикаций, посвященных изучению роли генетических, нейробиологических, психологических и внешних факторов в этиологии и патогенезе дислексии. Изложены результаты нейропсихологических и нейрофизиологических исследований, свидетельствующие о нарушении отдельных высших психических функций при дислексии, и результаты нейровизуализационных исследований, выявивших структурные особенности головного мозга, характерные для этого расстройства. Описаны современные представления об основных нейрокогнитивных дефицитах, наблюдающихся при дислексии, таких как нарушение рабочей памяти, снижение скорости обработки информации и недостаточность процессов автоматизации новых навыков. Также рассмотрены принципы лечения дислексии и возможности применения препарата Церетон в комплексной терапии этой патологии.

dyslexialearning disabilitiescognitive impairmentCeretonдислексиятрудности в обучениинарушение когнитивных функцийЦеретонBezrukikh M.M., Machinskaya R.I., Farber D.A. Structural and functional organization of the developing brain and the formation of cognitive activity in the ontogenesis of a child. Fiziologiya cheloveka = Human Physiology 2009;35(6):10–24. (In Russ.).Безруких М.М., Мачинская Р.И., Фарбер Д.А. Структурно-функциональная организация развивающегося мозга и формирование познавательной деятельности в онтогенезе ребенка. Физиология человека 2009;35(6):10–24.Grigorenko E.L. The biological nature of dyslexia: a brief literature review and research examples. Psikhologiya. Zhurnal Vysshey shkoly ekonomiki = Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics 2010;7(4):20–44. (In Russ.).Григоренко Е.Л. Биологическая природа дислексии: краткий обзор литературы и примеры исследований. Психология. Журнал Высшей школы экономики 2010;7(4):20–45.Zavadenko N.N. Dyslexia is the most common form of specific learning disability. Nevrologicheskiy zhurnal im. L.O. Badalyana = L.O. Badalyan Neurological Journal 2021;2(3):146–58. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.46563/2686-8997-2021-2-3-146-158Заваденко Н.Н. Дислексия – самая распространенная форма специфических расстройств обучаемости. Неврологический журнал им. Л.О. Бадаляна 2021;2(3):146–58. DOI: 10.46563/2686-8997-2021-2-3-146-158Kornev A.N. Reading and Writing Disorders in Children. Saint Petersburg: Rech, 2003. 330 p. (In Russ.).Корнев А.Н. Нарушения чтения и письма у детей. СПб.: Речь, 2003. 330 с.Polushina N.V. Use of Cereton® in the treatment of nervous system diseases in children and adolescents. Russkiy meditsinskiy zhurnal = Russian Medical Journal 2009;(11):770. (In Russ.).Полушина Н.В. Применение препарата Церетон® в лечении заболеваний нервной системы у детей и подростков. Русский медицинский журнал 2009;(11):770.Potupchik T.V., Veselova O.F., Evert L.S. et al. Correction of cognitive impairment in children using nootropic drugs. Obozrenie psikhiatrii i meditsinskoy psikhologii im. V.M. Bekhtereva = Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology named after V.M. Bekhterev 2015;(3):109–13. (In Russ).]Потупчик Т.В., Веселова О.Ф., Эверт Л.С. и др. Коррекция когнитивных нарушений у детей с использованием ноотропных препаратов. Обозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологии им. В.М. Бехтерева 2015;(3):109–13. ]Rafikova Z.B., Nurmatova D.A., Tashbekova D.B. The effectiveness of outpatient complex treatment of adolescents with learning disabilities and school adaptation using the drug Cereton®. Russkiy meditsinskiy zhurnal = Russian Medical Journal 2015;(16):938. (In Russ.).Рафикова З.Б., Нурматова Д.А., Ташбекова Д.Б. Эффективность амбулаторного комплексного лечения подростков с затруднениями обучения и школьной адаптации с применением препарата Церетон®. Русский медицинский журнал 2015;(16):938.Rumyantseva M.V., Khan M.A. Neurological aspects of dyslexia in children. Voprosy kurortologii, fizioterapii i lechebnoy fizkultury = Issues of Balneology, Physiotherapy and Exercise Therapy 2018;95(2):114, 115. (In Russ.).Румянцева М.В., Хан М.А. Неврологические аспекты дислексии у детей. Вопросы курортологии, физиотерапии и лечебной физкультуры 2018;95(2):114, 115.Rusetskaya M.N. Reading Impairment in Primary School Children: Analysis of Speech and Visual Causes. Saint Petersburg: KARO, 2007. 192 p. (In Russ.).Русецкая М.Н. Нарушение чтения у младших школьников: анализ речевых и зрительных причин. СПб.: КАРО, 2007. 192 с.Chutko L.S., Surushkina S.Yu., Yakovenko E.A. et al. Executive function disorders in children with dyslexia. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova = S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry 2021;121(2):31–8. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202112102131Чутко Л.С., Сурушкина С.Ю., Яковенко Е.А. и др. Нарушения управляющих функций у детей с дислексией. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова 2021;121(2):31–8. DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202112102131Shavlovskaya O.A. Experience of using the drug Cereton® (choline alfoscerate) in clinical practice. Russkiy meditsinskiy zhurnal = Russian Medical Journal 2011;(9):557. (In Russ.).Шавловская О.А. Опыт применения препарата Церетон® (холина альфосцерат) в клинической практике. Русский медицинский журнал 2011;(9):557.Atkinson S.J., Martin C.R. Early detection of risk of reading difficulties using a working memory assessment battery. BERJ 2022;48(6):1183–97. DOI: 10.1002/berj.3821Carroll J.M., Holden C., Kirby P. et al. Dyslexia Delphi Panel. Toward a consensus on dyslexia: findings from a Delphi study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2025;66(7):1065–76. DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.14123Cavalli E., Cole P., Leloup G. et al. Screening for dyslexia in French-speaking university students: an evaluation of the detection accuracy of the Alouette test. J Learn Disabil 2018;51:268–82. DOI: 10.1177/0022219417704637Chalikia A., Ralli A.M., Antoniou F. Developmental language disorder and risk of dyslexia – can they be told apart? Behav Sci 2025;15(9):1234. DOI: 10.3390/bs1509123Chan D.W., Ho C., Tsang S.-M. et al. Prevalence, gender ratio and gender differences in reading-related cognitive abilities among Chinese children with dyslexia in Hong Kong. Educ Stud 2007;33:249–65. DOI: 10.1080/03055690601068535Compton D.L., Fuchs L.S., Fuchs D. et al. The cognitive and academic profiles of reading and mathematics learning disabilities. J Learn Disabil 2012;45(1):79–95. DOI: 10.1177/0022219410393012Dębska A., Łuniewska M., Zubek J. et al. The cognitive basis of dyslexia in school-aged children: a multiple case study in a transparent orthography. Dev Sci 2022;25(2):e13173. DOI: 10.1111/desc.13173Garcia R.B., Mammarella I.C., Tripodi D. et al. Visuospatial working memory for locations, colours, and binding in typically developing children and in children with dyslexia and non-verbal learning disability. Br J Dev Psychol 2014;32(1):17–33. DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12019Gathercole S.E., Alloway T.P., Willis C., Adams A.M. Working memory in children with reading disabilities. J Exp Child Psychol 2006;93(3):265–81. DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2005.08.003Giannopoulou S., Giannopoulou I., Efstathiou V. et al. The profile of reading and cognitive skills of children with a history of specific developmental language disorder. Psychiatriki 2024;35(2):133–41. DOI: 10.22365/jpsych.2022.089Hensler B.S., Schatschneider C., Taylor J. et al. Behavioral genetic approach to the study of dyslexia. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2010;31(7):525–32. DOI: 10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181ee4b70Hokkanen L., Launes J., Michelsson K. Adult neurobehavioral outcome of hyperbilirubinemia in full term neonates – a 30 year prospective follow-up study. Peer J 2014;2:e294. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.294Hu W., Lee H.L., Zhang Q. et al. Developmental dyslexia in Chinese and English populations: dissociating the effect of dyslexia from language differences. Brain 2010;133:1694–706. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq106Im K., Raschle N.M., Smith S.A. et al. Atypical sulcal pattern in children with developmental dyslexia and at-risk kindergarteners. Cerebr Cortex 2016;26:1138–48. DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu305Kansakar U., Trimarco V., Mone P. et al. Choline supplements: an update. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023;14:1148166. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1148166Kuo L., Anderson R.C. Morphological awareness and learning to read: a cross-language perspective. Educat Psychol 2006;41(3):161–80. DOI: 10.1207/s15326985ep4103_3Lin Y., Zhang X., Huang Q. et al. The prevalence of dyslexia in primary school children and their Chinese literacy assessment in Shantou, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17(19): 7140. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197140Liu L., Wang J., Shao S. et al. Descriptive epidemiology of prenatal and perinatal risk factors in a Chinese population with reading disorder. Sci Rep 2016;6:36697. DOI: 10.1038/srep36697Lukov L., Friedmann N., Shalev L. et al. Dissociations between developmental dyslexias and attention deficits. Front Psychol 2015;5:1501. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01501Martins B., Baba M.Y., Dimateo E.M. et al. Investigating dyslexia through diffusion tensor imaging across ages: a systematic review. Brain Sci 2024;14(4):349. DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14040349Mascheretti S., Bureau A., Battaglia M. et al. An assessment of gene-by-environment interactions in developmental dyslexia-related phenotypes. Genes Brain Behav 2013;12:47–55. DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12000McArthur G.M., Hogben J.H., Edwards V.T. et al. On the “specifics” of specific reading disability and specific language impairment. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2000;41(7):869–74. DOI: 10.1111/1469-7610.00674Mizuno K., Tanaka M., Fukuda S. et al. Relationship between cognitive functions and prevalence of fatigue in elementary and junior high school students. Brain Dev 2011;33(6):470–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2010.08.012Myers C.A., Vandermosten M., Farris E.A. et al. White matter morphometric changes uniquely predict children’s reading acquisition. Psychol Sci 2014;25(10):1870–83. DOI: 10.1177/0956797614544511Pastor P.N., Reuben C.A. Diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disability: United States, 2004–2006. Vital Health Stat 2008;237:1–14.Perrachione T.K., Del Tufo S.N., Winter R. et al. Dysfunction of rapid neural adaptation in dyslexia. Neuron 2016;92(6):1383–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.11.020Raschle N.M., Chang M., Gaab N. Structural brain alterations associated with dyslexia predate reading onset. Neuroimage 2011;57:742–49. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.055Raschle N.M., Zuk J., Gaab N. Functional characteristics of developmental dyslexia in left-hemispheric posterior brain regions predate reading onset. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012;109:2156–61. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1107721109Reid A.A., Szczerbinski M., Iskierka-Kasperek E. et al. Cognitive profiles of adult developmental dyslexics: theoretical implications. Dyslexia 2007;13(1):1–24. DOI: 10.1002/dys.321Sagaro G.G., Traini E., Amenta F. Activity of choline alphoscerate on adult-onset cognitive dysfunctions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2023;92(1):59–70. DOI: 10.3233/JAD-221189Snowling M.J., Lervåg A., Nash H.M. et al. Longitudinal relationships between speech perception, phonological skills and reading in children at high-risk of dyslexia. Dev Sci 2019;22(1):e12723. DOI: 10.1111/desc.12723Sprenger-Charolles L., Colé P., Kipffer-Piquard A. et al. Reliability and prevalence of an atypical development of phonological skills in French-speaking dyslexics. Reading Writing 2009;22(7):811–42. DOI: 10.1007/s11145-008-9117-yStoet G., Markey H., López B. Dyslexia and attentional shifting. Neurosci Lett 2007;427(1):61–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.09.014Thiede A., Gleren E., Kujala T. et al. Atypical MEG inter-subject correlation during listening to continuous natural speech in dyslexia. Neuroimage 2020:116799. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116799Van Handel M., Swaab H., de Vries L.S. et al. Long-term cognitive and behavioral consequences of neonatal encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia: a review. Eur J Pediatr 2007;166(7):645–54. DOI: 10.1007/s00431-007-0437-8Waber D. Rethinking learning disabilities: understanding children who struggle in school. New York: The Guilford Press, 2010. 241 p.Wagner R.K., Zirps F.A., Edwards A.A. et al. The prevalence of dyslexia: a new approach to its estimation. J Learn Disabil 2020;53(5):354–65. DOI: 10.1177/0022219420920377Williams V.J., Juranek J., Cirino P. et al. Cortical thickness and local gyrification in children with developmental dyslexia. Cereb Cortex NY 2018;28:963–73. DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx001Wolf M., Bowers P. The double-deficit hypothesis for the developmental dyslexia. J Educat Psychol 1999;91(3):415–38. DOI: 10.1037/0022-0663.91.3.415Yang L., Li C., Li X. et al. Prevalence of developmental dyslexia in primary school children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Sci 2022;12(2):240. DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020240