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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Child Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Child Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Русский журнал детской неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2073-8803</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9178</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">550</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2073-8803-2026-21-1-20-31</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL REPORTS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Threshold analysis of the patient’s route in infantile epileptic spasms syndrome: from the onset of spasms to first-line therapy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Пороговый анализ маршрута пациента при синдроме инфантильных эпилептических спазмов: от дебюта спазмов к терапии первой линии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9710-1171</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gumennik</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гуменник</surname><given-names>Елена Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>heleneurol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9434-9672</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yatsenko</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яценко</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>heleneurol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0537-0660</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fomina</surname><given-names>M. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фомина</surname><given-names>М. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>heleneurol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7770-5439</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Korostovtsev</surname><given-names>D. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коростовцев</surname><given-names>Д. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>heleneurol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0924-6178</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovelenova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковеленова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>heleneurol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9510-4918</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Markin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маркин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>heleneurol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0077-9435</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sosnina</surname><given-names>I. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соснина</surname><given-names>И. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>heleneurol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9647-7628</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakovleva</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яковлева</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>heleneurol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Clinic of Neurology and Epileptology “Epidzhey”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Клиника неврологии и эпилептологии «Эпиджей»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Consultative and Diagnostic Center for Children</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">СПб ГБУЗ «Консультативно-диагностический центр для детей»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>20</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-05-08"><day>08</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-05-08"><day>08</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, ABV-Press</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, АБВ-пресс</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ABV-Press</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">АБВ-пресс</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjdn.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/550">https://rjdn.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/550</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background. </bold>Infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) is one of the most severe forms of early-onset epileptic encephalopathies and is associated with a high risk of pharmacoresistance, severe cognitive impairment, and premature mortality. Disease prognosis critically depends on the timeliness and adequacy of first-line therapy. Although delayed treatment of IESS is a universal problem, the specific stages of the patient care pathway at which delays occur may vary substantially depending on the organization of healthcare delivery.</p> <p><bold>Aim.</bold> To identify key threshold stages of the patient care pathway and major barriers to timely initiation of rational therapy in children with IESS within the healthcare system of Saint Petersburg.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> A retrospective observational study was conducted using the archive of the Epilepsy Clinic since 2018. A total of 130 children diagnosed with IESS according to International League Against Epilepsy criteria were included. Clinical and anamnestic data, magnetic resonance imaging findings, electroencephalography/video-electroencephalography monitoring results, and genetic testing data were analyzed. A threshold analysis of six consecutive stages of the patient care pathway was performed, from initial recognition of spasms to prescription of appropriate first-line therapy regimens. Early treatment response was assessed 2 weeks after therapy initiation</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Developmental abnormalities prior to epileptic spasms onset were identified in 78 % of children; potentially epileptogenic magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities were found in 67 %. Causative genetic variants were detected in 18 % of the entire cohort. In 39 % of patients, the diagnosis was not established within the first month after spasm onset. In 96 (74 %) of 130 children, rational therapy was initiated more than one month after spasm onset. Six threshold points of potential treatment delay were identified. The main point of patient loss was late recognition of spasms at the stage of initial medical contact (loss of 27 out of 130 children). Moreover, delay at this stage deprived the child of any chance to receive timely therapy and constituted an insurmountable barrier to the subsequent steps of care. The second most important barrier was failure to initiate appropriate first-line therapy at treatment onset. The effectiveness of first-line therapy was more than 12-fold higher than that of standard antiseizure medications.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Timely initiation of rational therapy in IESS is the result of passing through several consecutive threshold stages of the patient care pathway. The key systemic barriers in Saint Petersburg are late recognition of epileptic spasms and insufficient implementation of first-line therapy. These findings highlight the necessity of analyzing patient pathways within specific healthcare models and developing targeted programs for early detection and optimization of initial treatment.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Синдром инфантильных эпилептических спазмов (СИЭС) относится к тяжелым формам эпилептических энцефалопатий раннего возраста и ассоциирован с высоким риском развития фармакорезистентности, тяжелых когнитивных нарушений и преждевременной летальности. Прогноз заболевания зависит от сроков назначения и адекватности терапии первой линии. Несмотря на универсальность проблемы отложенного лечения СИЭС, конкретные этапы маршрута пациента, на которых формируются задержки, могут существенно различаться в зависимости от модели оказания медицинской помощи.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования –</bold> выявить ключевые пороговые этапы маршрута пациента и основные препятствия для своевременной рациональной терапии у детей с СИЭС в условиях системы оказания помощи в г. Санкт-Петербурге.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Проведено ретроспективное обсервационное исследование на основании архива амбулаторной клиники «Эпиджей» с 2018 г. Включено 130 детей с диагнозом СИЭС, установленным в соответствии с критериями Международной противоэпилептической лиги. Проанализированы клинико-анамнестические данные, результаты магнитно-резонансной томографии, электроэнцефалографии/видеоэлектроэнцефалографических мониторингов и генетического обследования. Выполнен пороговый анализ 6 последовательных этапов маршрута пациента: от первичного распознавания эпилептических спазмов (ЭС) до назначения адекватных схем терапии препаратами первой линии. Проведена оценка ранней эффективности стартовой терапии через 2 нед от ее инициации.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Нарушения развития до дебюта ЭС выявлены у 78 % детей, потенциально эпилептогенные изменения по данным магнитно-резонансной томографии – у 67 %. Каузативные генетические варианты обнаружены у 18 % пациентов всей когорты. У 39 % пациентов диагноз не был установлен в течение первого месяца после дебюта ЭС. У 96 (74 %) из 130 детей рациональная терапия стартовала более чем через месяц от дебюта ЭС. Выделено 6 порогов возможной задержки терапии. Основным этапом потерь являлось позднее распознавание ЭС на этапе первичного обращения (минус 27 детей из 130). Более того, задержка на этом этапе лишала ребенка всех шансов получить своевременную терапию и служила неодолимым препятствием для своевременной реализации последующих звеньев лечения. Следующим по важности препятствием оказалось назначение на старте адекватных схем терапии препаратами первой линии. При этом эффективность стартовой терапии препаратами первой линии оказалась более чем в 12 раз выше, чем эффективность стандартных антиэпилептических препаратов.</p> <p><bold>Выводы.</bold> Достижение своевременной рациональной терапии при СИЭС является результатом прохождения нескольких последовательных порогов маршрута пациента. Ключевыми системными препятствиями в условиях г. Санкт-Петербурга являются позднее распознавание ЭС и недостаточная реализация терапии первой линии. Полученные данные подчеркивают необходимость анализа маршрута пациента в рамках конкретной модели оказания помощи и разработки целевых программ раннего выявления и оптимизации стартовой терапии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>infantile epileptic spasms syndrome</kwd><kwd>threshold analysis</kwd><kwd>patient pathway</kwd><kwd>first-line therapy</kwd><kwd>vigabatrin</kwd><kwd>hormonal therapy</kwd><kwd>glucocorticosteroids</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>синдром инфантильных эпилептических спазмов</kwd><kwd>пороговый анализ</kwd><kwd>маршрутизация пациента</kwd><kwd>терапия первой линии</kwd><kwd>вигабатрин</kwd><kwd>гормональная терапия</kwd><kwd>глюкокортикостероиды</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belousova E.D., Shulyakova I.V., Okhapkina T.G. Hormonal therapy of West syndrome. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. 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