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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Child Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Child Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Русский журнал детской неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2073-8803</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9178</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">447</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2073-8803-2023-18-2-3-52-58</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Anti-GAD encephalitis in a child with beta-thalassemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анти-GAD-энцефалит у ребенка с бета- талассемией после аллогенной трансплантации гемопоэтических стволовых клеток</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2414-225X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bronina</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бронина</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalya Vitalyevna Bronina</p><p>1/9 4-yy Dobryninskiy Pereulok, Moscow 119049</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наталья Витальевна Бронина</p><p>119049 Москва, 4-й Добрынинский переулок, 1/9</p></bio><email>Nata-dim@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2302-1205</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Schederkina</surname><given-names>I. O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щедеркина</surname><given-names>И. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1/9 4-yy Dobryninskiy Pereulok, Moscow 119049</p><p>43 Donskaya St., Moscow 115419</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>119049 Москва, 4-й Добрынинский переулок, 1/9</p><p>115419 Москва, ул. Донская, 43</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5256-1715</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kurmanov</surname><given-names>B. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Курманов</surname><given-names>Б. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1/9 4-yy Dobryninskiy Pereulok, Moscow 119049</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>119049 Москва, 4-й Добрынинский переулок, 1/9</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3623-6547</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Burtsev</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бурцев</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1/9 4-yy Dobryninskiy Pereulok, Moscow 119049</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>119049 Москва, 4-й Добрынинский переулок, 1/9</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4244-7110</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Natrusova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Натрусова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1 Ostrovityanova St., Moscow 117997</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117997 Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0694-3996</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bronin</surname><given-names>G. O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бронин</surname><given-names>Г. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1/9 4-yy Dobryninskiy Pereulok, Moscow 119049</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>119049 Москва, 4-й Добрынинский переулок, 1/9</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Morozov Children’s City Clinical Hospital, Moscow Healthcare Department</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ г. Москвы «Морозовская детская городская клиническая больница Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Z.P. Solovyov Scientific and Practical Psychoneurological Center, Moscow Healthcare Department</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ г. Москвы «Научно-практический психоневрологический центр им. З.П. Соловьева Департамента здравоохранения&#13;
города Москвы»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-04-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>2-3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>52</fpage><lpage>58</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-12-04"><day>04</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-12-04"><day>04</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, ABV-Press</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, АБВ-пресс</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ABV-Press</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">АБВ-пресс</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://rjdn.abvpress.ru/jour/about/editorialPolicies</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjdn.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/447">https://rjdn.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/447</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an intracellular enzyme expressed in brain neurons and insulin-secreting β-cells of the pancreas. Anti-GAD-anitibodies are associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus, limbic encephalitis, cerebellar ataxia, temporal autoimmune epilepsy, and rigid man syndrome. We present a rare clinical case of anti-GAD-anitibodies- associated immune encephalitis in a child with beta-thalassemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT).A 3-year-old boy diagnosed with beta-thalassemia underwent allo-HSCT from a 9/10 compatible unrelated donor. The macrophage activation syndrome occurred during the early post-transplantation period. The seizure with a focal onset happened on day +65. The cytotoxic edema in the region of the left hippocampus without signs of accumulation of a contrast agent was revealed at the magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Pleocytosis, increase in protein levels, infection and antibodies to receptors and synaptic proteins of neurons were not detected at the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. A positive titer to anti-GAD-anitibodies was detected in the blood – 315.82 IU/ml (the norm is up to 10 IU/ml). The child was treated with cyclophosphamide 750 mg/m2, rituximab 375 mg/m2, and tocilizumab 8 mg/kg. The cytotoxic edema in the left hippocampus regressed at the control magnetic resonance imaging on day +117.Infectious, immune and toxic agents can cause the damage of central nervous system in patients after allo-HSCT. The mechanism of immune damage to the central nervous system S in such patients is still being studied and may be different: expansion of autoreactive lymphocytes due to failure of T-cell regulation due to chemo- or immunosuppressive therapy, “passenger lymphocyte” syndrome, violation of T-cell regulation due to the course of infectious complications and acute graft versus host disease.In a series of diagnostic searches in patients with central nervous system lesions after allo-HSCT, it is necessary to include immune damage to the nervous system. Diagnosis of such conditions is a difficult task due to comorbidity and multicomponent accompanying therapy, including immunosuppressive therapy, administered to patients.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Декарбоксилаза глутаминовой кислоты (glutamic acid decarboxylase, GAD) – внутриклеточный фермент, экспрессирующийся в нейронах головного мозга и секретирующих инсулин β-клетках поджелудочной железы. Анти-GAD-антитела ассоциированы с сахарным диабетом 1-го типа, лимбическим энцефалитом, мозжечковой атаксией, височной аутоиммунной эпилепсией и синдромом ригидного человека. В статье представлено редкое клиническое наблюдение иммунного энцефалита, ассоциированного с анти-GAD-антителами, развившегося у ребенка с бетаталассемией после аллогенной трансплантации гемопоэтических стволовых клеток (алло-ТГС К).Мальчику в возрасте 3 лет с диагнозом бета-талассемии была проведена алло-ТГС К от 9/10 совместимого неродственного донора. Течение раннего посттрансплантационного периода осложнилось синдромом активации макрофагов. На 65-е сутки у ребенка развился судорожный приступ с фокальным началом. При обследовании по данным магнитно-резонансной томографии головного мозга отмечен цитотоксический отек в области левого гиппокампа без признаков накопления контрастного вещества. При анализе ЦСЖ плеоцитоза и повышения уровня белка обнаружено не было, инфекционных агентов и антител к рецепторам и синаптическим белкам нейронов не выявлено. В крови выявлен положительный титр к анти-GAD-антителам – 315,82 МЕ/мл (норма до 10 МЕ/мл). Ребенку проводилась терапия циклофосфамидом 750 мг/м2 и ритуксимабом 375 мг/м2, вводился тоцилизумаб 8 мг/кг. Контрольная магнитно-резонансная томография головного мозга проведена на 117-й день, явления цитотоксического отека в области левого гиппокампа регрессировали.У пациентов, перенесших алло-ТГС К, проводится дифференциальный диагноз генеза поражения центральной нервной системы между инфекционным, иммунным и токсическим. Механизм иммунного поражения центральной нервной системы у таких пациентов до настоящего времени изучается и может быть различным: экспансия аутореактивных лимфоцитов ввиду сбоя Т-клеточной регуляции на фоне химио- или иммуносупрессивной терапии, синдром «пассажирских лимфоцитов», нарушение Т-клеточной регуляции ввиду течения инфекционных осложнений и острой реакции «трансплантат против хозяина».В ряд диагностического поиска у пациентов с поражением центральной нервной системы после алло-ТГС К необходимо включать иммунное поражение нервной системы. Диагностика таких состояний является трудной задачей ввиду коморбидности и проводимой пациентам многокомпонентной сопроводительной терапии, включая иммуносупрессивную.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>autoimmune encephalitis</kwd><kwd>acute symptomatic seizures</kwd><kwd>hematopoietic stem cell transplantation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аутоиммунный энцефалит</kwd><kwd>острые симптоматические судороги</kwd><kwd>трансплантация гемопоэтических стволовых клеток</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1. Давыдовская М.В., Бойко А.Н., Беляева И.А. и др. Аутоиммунные энцефалиты. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова 2015;115(4):95–101. DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20151154195-10 @@Davydovskaya M.V., Boyko A.N., Belyaeva I.A. et al. Autoimmune encephalitis. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova = S.S. 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