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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Child Neurology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Child Neurology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Русский журнал детской неврологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2073-8803</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9178</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">446</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2073-8803-2023-18-2-3-45-51</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS AND LECTURES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The main forms of leukodystrophies. Lecture and clinical cases</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Основные формы лейкодистрофий. Лекция с описанием клинических случаев</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6846-7876</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ershova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ершова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>61/2 Shchepkina St., Moscow 129110</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>129110 Москва, ул. Щепкина, 61/2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2988-5706</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kotov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Котов</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksey Sergeevich Kotov</p><p>61/2 Shchepkina St., Moscow 129110</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Сергеевич Котов</p><p>129110 Москва, ул. Щепкина, 61/2</p></bio><email>alexeykotov1980@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">M.F. Vladimirskiy Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ МО «Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф. Владимирского»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-04-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>2-3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>45</fpage><lpage>51</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-12-04"><day>04</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-12-04"><day>04</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, ABV-Press</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, АБВ-пресс</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ABV-Press</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">АБВ-пресс</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://rjdn.abvpress.ru/jour/about/editorialPolicies</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjdn.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/446">https://rjdn.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/446</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Leukodystrophies are genetically determined diseases characterised by primary damage to the white matter of the central nervous system, irrespective of the genetic defect and structural component involved. This paper classification is presented based on the identification of typical patterns characteristic of certain forms of leukodystrophy. Clinical examples are given for each of the identified patterns. The parieto-occipital pattern is considered in a clinical case of a 9-year-old boy with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Frontal pattern there is an example of a genetically verified juvenile form of Alexander’s disease in a 16-year-old female patient. The periventricular pattern reflects leukoencephalopathy with brain stem and spinal cord involvement and increased lactate in a 9-year-old female patient. A subcortical pattern is considered within L-2-hydroxyglutoric aciduria in a 29-year-old patient. As examples of brainstem and cerebellar involvement patterns, autosomal dominant leukodystrophy with adult onset due to tandem duplication of the lamin B gene, identified in a 40-year-old patient, is considered. In conclusion, we present additional diagnostic methods for the differential diagnosis of brain white matter diseases and a brief overview of treatment.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Лейкодистрофии представляют собой генетически детерминированные заболевания, характеризующиеся первичным поражением белого вещества центральной нервной системы, независимо от генетического дефекта и задействованного структурного компонента. В данной работе представлена классификация на основании выявления типичных паттернов распределения поражения по данным нейровизуализации, характерных для определенных форм лейкодистрофий. Приведены клинические примеры для каждого из выделенных паттернов. Теменно-затылочный паттерн рассмотрен в клиническом случае заболевания мальчика 9 лет с Х-сцепленной адренолейкодистрофией. В рамках лобного паттерна приведен пример генетически верифицированной юношеской формы болезни Александера у пациентки 16 лет. Перивентрикулярный паттерн отражает лейкоэнцефалопатия с поражением ствола и спинного мозга и повышенным содержанием лактата у пациентки 9 лет. Субкортикальный паттерн рассмотрен в рамках L-2-гидроксиглутаровой ацидурии у пациента 29 лет. В качестве примеров паттерна вовлечения ствола мозга и паттерна вовлечения мозжечка рассматривается аутосомно-доминантная лейкодистрофия с началом во взрослом возрасте, обусловленная тандемной дупликацией гена ламина В, выявленная у пациента 40 лет. В заключение приведены дополнительные диагностические методы, необходимые для дифференциальной диагностики заболеваний белого вещества головного мозга, и краткий обзор лечения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>leukodystrophies</kwd><kwd>Alexander disease</kwd><kwd>L-2-hydroxyglutoric aciduria</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лейкодистрофия</kwd><kwd>болезнь Александера</kwd><kwd>L-2-гидроксиглутаровая ацидурия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1. Dong B., Lv W., Xu L. et al. Identification of two novel mutations of ABCD1 gene in pedigrees with x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and review of the literature. Int J Endocrinol 2022;2022:5479781. DOI: 10.1155/2022/5479781</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dong B., Lv W., Xu L. et al. 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